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How Do We Hear?

Hearing depends on a series of complex steps that change sound waves in the air into electrical signals. Our auditory nerve then carries these signals to the brain.

1. Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through a narrow passageway called the ear canal, which leads to the eardrum.

2. The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear. These bones are called the malleus, incus, and stapes.

3. The bones in the middle ear amplify, or increase, the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea, a snail-shaped structure filled with fluid, in the inner ear. An elastic partition runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, splitting it into an upper and lower part. This partition is called the basilar membrane because it serves as the base, or ground floor, on which key hearing structures sit.

4. Once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane. Hair cells—sensory cells sitting on top of the basilar membrane—ride the wave. Hair cells near the wide end of the snail-shaped cochlea detect higher-pitched sounds, such as an infant crying. Those closer to the center detect lower-pitched sounds, such as a large dog barking.

5. As the hair cells move up and down, microscopic hair-like projections (known as stereocilia) that perch on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend. Bending causes pore-like channels, which are at the tips of the stereocilia, to open up. When that happens, chemicals rush into the cells, creating an electrical signal.

6. The auditory nerve carries this electrical signal to the brain, which turns it into a sound that we recognize and understand.

{Credit: NIH}

tr432 reblogged

tr432 reblogged

Beautiful Kaleidoscopic Art and Music based on Solfeggio Frequency of 417 Hz to release and cleanse all the trapped negativity from the past. We highly recommend that to practice Gratitude Meditation along with this. And atleast meditate for 7 Days continuously to see the affect of this frequency and your own meditation. If chanting meditation works better for you, simply chanting OM or Humming meditation along with this will be very helpful in calming the mind.

We hope this will help. Many Blessings and Peace.

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dreamteam2016

Murmurs and extra sounds

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dreamteam2016

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tr432

dr-nurettin-blog

G6PD Deficiency

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dreamteam2016

Heart block poem ! Perfect :D

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dr-nurettin-blog

G6PD Deficiency

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notesfromamedicaljournal

brooklynpa-c

IF YOU’RE STUDYING CARDIOLOGY, LEARN THIS CHART

One of my study partners came up with this for our cardio exam. Since it was about 20% valvular disease, it saved my ass.

As a brief explanation, A = Aortic valve, P = Pulmonary valve, M = Mitral valve, T = tricuspid valve. It pairs up if a murmur is systolic or diastolic and associated with stenosis or regurgitation of a particular valve.

Happens to work out that Aortic & Pulmonary stenosis are both Systolic Ejection murmurs, Mitral & Tricuspid Regurgitation are both Holosystolic murmurs and both Mitral & Tricuspid Stenosis both can occur as a result of Rheumatic Fever.

There’s obviously way more to know for each of these conditions, but for someone who was mixing them up as bad as I was this turned out to be immensely helpful. Happy Studying!

Agreed, this is a MUST know. Base to build on.

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notesfromamedicaljournal

mddiaries

A med student’s take on dissecting multiple choice questions.

On today’s episode of Step 2 procrastination, I thought I’d share how I tackle multiple choice questions. This is the strategy I’ve developed over the past year for Uworld, shelf exams and board exams (and MC exams in general). Most are things I found helpful that I’ve passed along to underclassmen and I figured I’d share them with you. Feel free to add your own tricks!