NATHANEL GREENE, (born August 7, 1742, Potowomut, Rhode Island [U.S.]—died June 19, 1786, Mulberry Grove, Georgia, U.S.).
After managing a branch of his father’s iron foundry, Greene served several terms in the colonial legislature and was elected commander of the Rhode Island army, organized in 1775; he was made a major general in 1776. Greene served with George Washington in the Siege of Boston (1775–76), in the fighting in and around New York City (1776), and in the retreat across New Jersey after the British capture of Fort Washington (November 1776). He also led troops at Trenton (December 1776) and, the following year, at Brandywine and Germantown.
After briefly serving as quartermaster general, Greene succeeded General Horatio Gates as commander in chief of the southern army in October 1778. Opposed by a superior force under Lord Cornwallis, Greene developed a strategy that relied on mobility and maneuver. Irregular forces kept the British extended, while Greene preserved his small main army as a “force in being” to lure Cornwallis further away from his coastal bases. Greene ultimately risked dividing his own force, encouraging the British to divide theirs as well. His strategy led to General Daniel Morgan’s victory at Cowpens, South Carolina (January 17, 1781). Although Greene was defeated at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina (March 15, 1781), the British were so weakened by their victory that Cornwallis abandoned his plan to conquer North Carolina and instead marched north into Virginia.
Taking the offensive, by the end of June Greene had forced the British back to the South Carolina coast. On September 8 Greene engaged the British under Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart at Eutaw Springs, where the British were so weakened that they withdrew to Charleston. He held them there during the remainder of the war.
Greene contributed significantly to restoring civil government and public order to a south wracked by years of guerrilla war. Committed to the rights of property, he opposed the dispossession and persecution of loyalists. South Carolina and Georgia recognized Greene’s achievements by liberal grants of land and money. He settled in 1785 on an estate near Savannah—ironically the former property of a loyalist official.
As quartermaster general, Greene was accused of profiteering when inflation required paying more than authorized for goods. He supplied the southern army in part by cosigning notes with a contractor whose bankruptcy and death left Greene responsible. Greene denied charges of impropriety, which remain unproven in an 18th-century context of boundaries between public and private affairs that were at best hazy. He did his unsuccessful best to liquidate the debts until his early death in 1786 from what might well have been a stress-induced heart attack.
