It frustrates me when people talk about "facts" like fact is a single, immutable category.
"Fact" means so many different things! Depending on context.
Mosty a fact seems to mean a claim that somebody checked in a special way to make sure it's true.
Like: A historical fact might have multiple independent written accounts from the relevant time that agree with each other. For human-centered events from most of recorded history, that's an especially concrete form of evidence. But it's flimsy enough that, even among rigorous historians, some widely accepted historical facts are probably false.
A scientific fact usually demands enough testing that we can rely on it to be generally true. But a big part science is measuring the accuracy of predictions, so there's always room for a scientific fact to be refined or elaborated on.
(Sometimes scientists do a bad job of sizing up how well tested something is. Especially with messy stuff like psychology and the narrowest margins in medicine, where the subject of study acts super inconsistent.)
A legal fact sometimes means a claim that has undergone a special legal process (like a ruling or a verdict). But sometimes in the legal jargon, fact means "Whatever the heck actually happened." (E.g. "After the fact," to mean "After the victim became dead by means currently under dispute.")
I don't think we ever know what's true with airtight certainty. But some claims have passed tests of truth that are so thorough, and so effective, that we have a duty to act like they're true unless we learn different.
Consider these two types of fact:
- A consensus among most climate scientists that the mechanism of climate change is firmly established by extensive evidence.
- A "Fun Fact!" infographic on an elementary school poster.
One of these facts, we have a responsibility to take seriously. One we don't.
If you don't understand the gravity of the difference, then I don't think that you understand facts very well, and I don't trust you to use facts to make the world better.
(BTW if this post gets traction, a bunch of experts will probably jump in to point out how it's wrong or oversimplified, and that is a beautiful thing.)














