Virtue requires a delicate balance. 

This could be a great set of descriptors for tracking social stats in a game.

Woah

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A good chart for character development, especially when contrasting how they are vs. how they see themselves.

Little fact about French because I just learned that

The accent circonflexe (^) exists in French words to replace the “s” that no longer exists but used to be there in older French.

For example: fenêtre used to be fenestre

It is still possible to see the “s” at times in family words like “défenestrer”.

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knowing this, « être » becomes much more regular :

  • être  → estre (es, est, sommes, ê[s]tes, sont ; ser-)

some French derivations become clearer :

  • fenêtre   → défenestrer → L. fenestra
  • fête   → festival
  • hôpital → hospitaliser (E. hospital, ise)
  • intérêt  → intéressant (E. interest, -ing)
  • ancêtre  → ancestral (E. ancestor, -ral)
  • arrêt    → arrestation
  • épître  → épistolaire (E. epistle)

some English cognates become more obvious :

  • hôtel  → hostel (E. ‘hotel’ borrowed from French)
  • forêt  → forest (tipp to remember ^ goes on the ‹e›)
  • bête  → beast
  • côte  → coast
  • honnête → honest
  • pâte, pâté → pasta, paste
  • quête   → quest
  • enquête  → inquest
  • tempête  → tempest
  • vêtements → vestments (ie. clothes)
  • baptême → baptism

sometimes, the acute replaces the circumfex for phonetic reasons :

  • ḗcole   → escole → L. schola (E. school)
  • ḗtranger   → estrangier (E. stranger)
  • ḗtudier   → estudier (E. study)
  • dḗgoûtant → desgoustant (E. disgusting)
  • dḗbarquer → desembarquer (E. disembark)
  • rḗpondre  → respondre (E. respond)
  • rḗpublique → L. res publica

Also, where « c → ch » (eg. cantare→ chanter) :

  • château → castel (E. castle)
  • pêcher → L. piscare

and « w → gu » (eg. war→ guerre ; warden→ guardian) :

  • guêpe → E. wasp ! (this is my n° 1 favourite cognate)

bonus etymologies :

  • tête   → L. testa
  • fantôme  → L. phantasma (E. ‘phantom’ borrowed from French)
  • Pâques  → Gk. pásxa → Am. pésaḫ (E. Paschal)

Also just be aware that the circumflex has some other uses too, like distinguishing « sur — sûr » or « dû » and the vowel quality in « âge »

you know how mathematicians have the journal of recreational mathematics, right? where they publish stuff like, ‘oh i found this cool property of this one seemingly boring number’, or, ‘this is literally nonsense but it sounds ~scientific~’ and it’s all great fun to read?

well

with such delightful papers as ‘tennis puns’, ‘animals in different languages’, and ‘gifts from a homonymous benefactor’

excuse me while i go read all 50 volumes in one sitting

they even have linguistic magic squares im crying

I’m sure you already know of this, but jic, @copperbadge

The very first article I found was by a woman named Katherine called Advice From A Katherpillar. This is my kind of place. 

fuck, marry, kill but instead it’s

get them randomly assigned as your lab partner for a whole semester, get trapped with them on a broken elevator for ten hours, and they’re your employee trainer for your new job at McDonalds

the important rule to this version is that no matter who is with you, you HAVE to be stuck in the elevator for the full ten hours. I don’t care if you’re in there with Thor himself. You can’t get out.

new ask game: send three characters and i’ll tell you which i’d rather have

• get randomly assigned as your lab partner for a whole semester,

• get trapped with on a broken elevator for ten hours

• get as my employee trainer for my new job at McDonalds

The true deadly sins

Lust

Not a sin- feeling sexual attraction, sex with consenting partners, masturbation, consuming pornographic media, having several sexual partners, sex before mariage. IT’S A SIN WHEN- the person projects lust onto an unwilling recipient person and does not take into account their wants or consent. Rape, harassment, sexual assault, catcalling, dick pics.

Gluttony

Not a sin- food, enjoying food, cooking, eating sweets, eating meat. In the larger sense, accumulating material things you enjoy, like books or collectibles or whatever.  IT’S A SIN WHEN- It deprives other people of what they need.

Envy

Not a sin: Wanting things you see other people have, like money, power, fame. IT’S A SIN WHEN: This is how you define people, and stop respecting them as humans. It’s a sin when you use them for what they have and what they can bring you.

Greed

Not a sin: Wanting financial security, working hard for the things you want.  IT’S A SIN WHEN: Your own financial growth depends on keeping other people impoverished and suffering.

Pride

Not a sin: Being proud of your accomplishments, liking your looks, dressing up IT’S A SIN WHEN: It stops you from accepting your faults and seeing how you can be wrong, not admitting that you can better yourself. 

Wrath

Not a sin: Righteous anger at situations, being mistreated, seeing other people suffer, at the injustice of the world. Self-defense. Revolution.  IT’S A SIN WHEN: Violence towards defenceless people, hitting your partner or your kids,.  Violence fuelled by intolerance and bigotry. 

Sloth

Not a sin: Resting. Sleeping. Taking a day or a year off. Being unproductive. Playing videogames. IT’S A SIN WHEN: You stay inactive when action is required. When people need you and you’d rather do nothing.

THIS IS SO IMPORTANT AND GIVES POWER BACK TO SO MANY PEOPLE

Tips to learn a new language

The 75 most common words make up 40% of occurrences The 200 most common words make up 50% of occurrences The 524 most common words make up 60% of occurrences The 1257 most common words make up 70% of occurrences The 2925 most common words make up 80% of occurrences The 7444 most common words make up 90% of occurrences The 13374 most common words make up 95% of occurrences The 25508 most common words make up 99% of occurrences

(Source: 5 Steps to Speak a New Language by Hung Quang Pham)

This article has an excellent summary on how to rapidly learn a new language within 90 days.

We can begin with studying the first 600 words. Of course chucking is an effective way to memorize words readily. Here’s a list to translate into the language you desire to learn that Derek Roger suggested! :)

EXPRESSIONS OF POLITENESS (about 50 expressions)      

  • ‘Yes’ and ‘no’: yes, no, absolutely, no way, exactly.    
  • Question words: when? where? how? how much? how many? why? what? who? which? whose?    
  • Apologizing: excuse me, sorry to interrupt, well now, I’m afraid so, I’m afraid not.    
  • Meeting and parting: good morning, good afternoon, good evening, hello, goodbye, cheers, see you later, pleased to meet you, nice to have met.    
  • Interjections: please, thank you, don’t mention it, sorry, it’ll be done, I agree, congratulations, thank heavens, nonsense.    

NOUNS (about 120 words)

  • Time: morning, afternoon, evening, night; Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday; spring, summer, autumn, winter; time, occasion, minute, half-hour, hour, day, week, month, year.    
  • People: family, relative, mother, father, son, daughter, sister, brother, husband, wife; colleague, friend, boyfriend, girlfriend; people, person, human being, man, woman, lady, gentleman, boy, girl, child.    
  • Objects: address, bag, book, car, clothes, key, letter (=to post), light (=lamp), money, name, newspaper, pen, pencil, picture, suitcase, thing, ticket.    
  • Places: place, world, country, town, street, road, school, shop, house, apartment, room, ground; Britain, name of the foreign country, British town-names, foreign town-names.    
  • Abstract: accident, beginning, change, color, damage, fun, half, help, joke, journey, language, English, name of the foreign language, letter (of alphabet), life, love, mistake, news, page, pain, part, question, reason, sort, surprise, way (=method), weather, work.    
  • Other: hand, foot, head, eye, mouth, voice; the left, the right; the top, the bottom, the side; air, water, sun, bread, food, paper, noise.    

PREPOSITIONS (about 40 words)    

  • General: of, to, at, for, from, in, on.    
  • Logical: about, according-to, except, like, against, with, without, by, despite, instead of.    
  • Space: into, out of, outside, towards, away from, behind, in front of, beside, next to, between, above, on top of, below, under, underneath, near to, a long way from, through.    
  • Time: after, ago, before, during, since, until.    

DETERMINERS (about 80 words)  

  • Articles and numbers: a, the; nos. 0–20; nos. 30–100; nos. 200–1000; last, next, 1st–12th.    
  • Demonstrative: this, that.    
  • Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.    
  • Quantifiers: all, some, no, any, many, much, more, less, a few, several, whole, a little, a lot of.    
  • Comparators: both, neither, each, every, other, another, same, different, such.    

ADJECTIVES (about 80 words)    

  • Color: black, blue, green, red, white, yellow.    
  • Evaluative: bad, good, terrible; important, urgent, necessary; possible, impossible; right, wrong, true.    
  • General: big, little, small, heavy; high, low; hot, cold, warm; easy, difficult; cheap, expensive; clean, dirty; beautiful, funny (=comical), funny (=odd), usual, common (=shared), nice, pretty, wonderful; boring, interesting, dangerous, safe; short, tall, long; new, old; calm, clear, dry; fast, slow; finished, free, full, light (=not dark), open, quiet, ready, strong.    
  • Personal: afraid, alone, angry, certain, cheerful, dead, famous, glad, happy, ill, kind, married, pleased, sorry, stupid, surprised, tired, well, worried, young.    

VERBS (about 100 words)    

  • arrive, ask, be, be able to, become, begin, believe, borrow, bring, buy, can, change, check, collect, come, continue, cry, do, drop, eat, fall, feel, find, finish, forget, give, going to, have, have to, hear, help, hold, hope, hurt (oneself), hurt (someone else), keep, know, laugh, learn, leave, lend, let (=allow), lie down, like, listen, live (=be alive), live (=reside), look (at), look for, lose, love, make, may (=permission), may (=possibility), mean, meet, must, need, obtain, open, ought to, pay, play, put, read, remember, say, see, sell, send, should, show, shut, sing, sleep, speak, stand, stay, stop, suggest, take, talk, teach, think, travel, try, understand, use, used to, wait for, walk, want, watch, will, work (=operate), work (=toil), worry, would, write.    

PRONOUNS (about 40 words)

  • Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, one; myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.    
  • Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.    
  • Demonstrative: this, that.    
  • Universal: everyone, everybody, everything, each, both, all, one, another.
  • Indefinite: someone, somebody, something, some, a few, a little, more, less; anyone, anybody, anything, any, either, much, many.    
  • Negative: no-one, nobody, nothing, none, neither.    

ADVERBS (about 60 words)

  • Place: here, there, above, over, below, in front, behind, nearby, a long way away, inside, outside, to the right, to the left, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, home, upstairs, downstairs.    
  • Time: now, soon, immediately, quickly, finally, again, once, for a long time, today, generally, sometimes, always, often, before, after, early, late, never, not yet, still, already, then (=at that time), then (=next), yesterday, tomorrow, tonight.    
  • Quantifiers: a little, about (=approximately), almost, at least, completely, very, enough, exactly, just, not, too much, more, less.    
  • Manner: also, especially, gradually, of course, only, otherwise, perhaps, probably, quite, so, then (=therefore), too (=also), unfortunately, very much, well.    

CONJUNCTIONS (about 30 words)

  • Coordinating: and, but, or; as, than, like.    
  • Time & Place: when, while, before, after, since (=time), until; where.    
  • Manner & Logic: how, why, because, since (=because), although, if; what, who, whom, whose, which, that.   

The spread of the black death.

Poland

Poland, tell us your secret.

Poland is the old new Madagascar. 

If I remember correctly, Poland’s secret is that the jews where being blamed all over europe (as usual) as scapegoats for the black plague. Poland was the only place that accepted Jewish refugees, so pretty much all of them moved there. 

Now, one of the major causes of getting the plague was poor hygiene. This proved very effective for the plague because everyone threw their poop into the streets because there were no sewers, and literally no one bathed because it was against their religion. Unless they were jewish, who actually bathed relatively often. When all the jews moved to Poland, they brought bathing with them, and so the plague had little effect there.

Milan survived by quarantining its city and burning down the house of anyone showing early symptoms, with the entire family inside it. 

I reblogged this tons of times, but the Milan info is new.

Damn Italy, you scary.

Poland: “Hey, feeling a bit down? Have a quick wash! There, you see? All better”

Milan:Aw, feeling a bit sick are we? BURN MOTHERFUCKER, BURN!!!!!”

Also, this might have something to do with it: from what I understand, O blood type is uncommonly… common in Poland. Something to do with large families in small villages and a LOT of intermarriage. The black plague was caused by a bacterium that produced, in its waste in the human body, wastes that very closely mimic the “B” marker sugars on red blood cells that keep the body from attacking its own immune system. Anyone who has a B blood type had an immune system that was naturally desensitized to the presence of the bacterium, and therefore was more prone to developing the disease. Anyone who had an O type was doubly lucky because the O blood type means the total absence of ANY markers, A or B, meaning that their bodys’ immune system would react quickly and violently against the invaders, while someone with an A may show symptoms and recover more slowly, while someone with B would have just died. Because O is a recessive blood type, it shows in higher numbers when more people who carry the recessive genes marry other people who also carry the recessive gene. Poland, which has a nearly 700 year history of being conquered by or partnering with every other nation in the surrounding area, was primarily an agricultural country, focused around smaller, farming communities where people were legally tied to, and required to work, “their” land, and so historically never “spread” their genes across a large area. The economy was, and had been, unstable for a very long period of time leading up to the plague, the government had been ineffective and had very little reach in comparison to the armies of the other countries around for a very very long time, and so its people largely remained in small communities where multiple generations of cross-familial inbreeding could have allowed for this more recessive gene to show up more frequently. Thus, there could be a higher percentage of O blood types in any region of the country, guaranteeing less spread of the illness and moving slower when it did manage to travel. Combine this with the fact that there were very few large, urban centers where the disease would thrive, and with the above facts, and you’ve got a lovely recipe for avoiding the plague.

Interestingly enough, as a result from the plague, the entirety of Europe now has a higher percentage of people with O blood type than any other region of the world. 

WHY IS THIS ALL SO COOL

When Tumblr teaches you more about the plague than 12 years of school ever did.

Just to throw a nod in, as a medieval historian, this is all credible, and is the leading theory as to the plagues effectiveness at this point. So. Enjoy your new knowledge!

Wow. This is cool knowledge!

A city where necromancy is legal and actually a part of every day society. So long as you follow a specific set of laws to make it seem a bit more ethical, you’re allowed to use it to do anything from helping you in a fight, to helping you run your business. In fact, there are entire shops or restaurants where the staff are undead. Laws to handle the undead could be things like:

• The corpses used cannot have flesh on them for sanitary reasons, especially in the case of businesses. Those who raise undead who are more than just bone will face a fine dependent on their situation.

• Similar to how people can donate their bodies to science, or donate their organs to those in need, people can choose to donate their bodies to necromancers before their death.

• If it is unknown if a person wished for their body to be donated after death, and they have been dead for 150+ years, you’re allowed to raise them. If next of kin is still alive, you must get permission from them first.

• You must take care of the undead in your charge. Keep them clean and unbroken. If one of them starts to get too much wear and tear, you are required by law to respectfully lay them back down to rest. Failure to do this will get you a hefty fine.

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I’m making a town like this and the tavern will be called the Skelet-Inn

Fucking brilliant

I mean, take it a step further, if you aren’t sure if someone would want their body used after their death, call them up and ask them. It’s less taxing to cast a Commune with Dead spell than to raise an active skeleton, and this way you know for sure whether they mind, so there’s no ethical ambiguity. 

Most local dead consider the idea of skeletal labor completely normal, so they tell the necromancer that they waive all rights to the corpse for public work purposes as a formality and then go back to their afterlife.

For private employ however it’s customary to pay a small stipend to either a living relative or a charity of the ghost’s choice in exchange for their corpse’s labor. 

Due to the prevalence of public works done by skeletons, Necromancers are seen in much the same light as government functionaries. They’re stereotyped as mild mannered people who do an important service but are also really boring at parties.

Small skeletal animals are great pets for people with allergies and small children as they have no fur/dander and are quite sturdy and docile. They make great therapy animals as they require little training and seem ‘happier’ when given tasks to do. 

Human skeletons and the skeletons of larger animals are often seen following their masters around at market, holding baskets and bags and pushing carts. Some people dress them in seasonal outfits and accessories. It’s a point of pride to have a well-dressed, sparklingly clean skeletal helper.

Resources for learning Cherokee

I hope this list is helpful for some people. If any corrections need to be made, please let me know. Enjoy!

About the Cherokee people:

Cherokee is the native language of the Cherokee people. They are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands: southwestern North Carolina, parts of Tenessee, and Georgia.

They are one of the Five Civilized Tribes, which were tribes that adopted practices such as literacy, slavery, Christianity, and market participation, among other things.

Today there are three federally-recognized tribes: the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) in Oklahoma, and the Cherokee Nation (CN) in Oklahoma.

There are about 300,000 enrolled members, making the Cherokee Nation the largest federally-recognized tribe in US.

About the Cherokee language:

  • It is a polysynthetic language with a unique syllabary. 
  • It belongs to the Southern Iroquois language family – in fact, it is the only language in that branch. Other Iroquoian languages include Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and extinct languages such as Susquehannock and Neutral Huron. Cherokee differs significantly from all of these.
  • It has an SOV word order 
  • It uses pitch accent

Books for history and culture:

These are all books that I have either read or have on my to-read list. As always, read with an open but critical mind.

American Indian Myths and Legends (The Pantheon Fairy Tale and Folklore Library): Richard Erdoes and Alfonso Ortiz. There are a few Cherokee tales here.

The Cherokee Freedmen: From Emancipation to American Citizenship by Daniel F. Littlefield. He wrote a very good book about the Chickasaw Freedmen as well.

Oklahoma Cherokee Baskets by Karen Coody Cooper

Night of the Cruel Moon: Cherokee removal and the Trail of Tears by Stan Hoig. There’s a lot of good books about the Trail of Tears.

Books for language:

Beginning Cherokee by Ruth Bradley Holmes

Online language resources:

The Cherokee Nation offers online classes 

Mango also offers Cherokee, though I strongly advise you to learn the syllabary before attempting it.

Some PDFs:

Other interesting things:

Why is this even a question? How is your child meant to learn to apologize when you don’t do it yourself as a parent?

This is actually a really important factor in how I establish healthy, trusting relationships with kiddos at work. I am a human and therefore make mistakes, which children will catch and call me out for, because children are information sponges with no verbal filters.

When a kid says, “but miss tommy, i thought you said we’re not supposed to do that,” I answer, “You’re right. I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have done that. I won’t do it again.” It could be something small, maybe a kid sees me biting my nails, or maybe I grabbed a kid by the arm who was about to collide with something solid but I grabbed too hard. Whatever it is, it’s important to

  • acknowledge the mistake,
  • apologize to the kid,
  • and verbalize a plan to correct it.

Not only does this model HOW to make an effective apology, but it establishes trust on many levels. The children who witness the exchange now know that:

  • I will be honest with them even if it does not serve my ego,
  • I care about their feelings,
  • and I am taking their needs seriously.

Apologize to your kids when you mess up! It won’t diminish your authority as their grown-up, it shows that you respect that authority!

This is one thing emotionally abusive parents are known for. Holding power over accountability and they wonder why their children don’t want to be around when they get older.

Throwback to the time my poor German teacher had to explain the concept of formal and informal pronouns to a class full of Australians and everyone was scandalised and loudly complained “why can’t I treat everyone the same?” “I don’t want to be a Sie!” “but being friendly is respectful!” “wouldn’t using ‘du’ just show I like them?” until one guy conceded “I suppose maybe I’d use Sie with someone like the prime minister, if he weren’t such a cunt” and my teacher ended up with her head in her hands saying “you are all banned from using du until I can trust you”

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God help Japanese teachers in Australia.

if this isnt an accurate representation of australia idk what is

Australia’s reverse-formality respect culture is fascinating. We don’t even really think about it until we try to communicate or learn about another culture and the rules that are pretty standard for most of the world just feel so wrong. I went to America this one time and I kept automatically thinking that strangers using ‘sir’ and ‘ma’am’ were sassing me. 

Australians could not be trusted with a language with ingrained tiers of formal address. The most formal forms would immediately become synonyms for ‘go fuck yourself’ and if you weren’t using the most informal version possible within three sentences of meeting someone they’d take it to mean you hated them.

100% true.

the difference between “‘scuse me” and “excuse me” is a fistfight