Proskynesis
Proskynesis is something that I don't often see people talk about within the Hellenic polytheist community. Even when it happens to be a topic of discussion, there's usually plenty of confusion surrounding it.
What is it?
The information we have on it nowadays is somewhat limited and the resources talking about Ancient Greece often mention it solely in the context of Alexander The Great and the Persians, so it's no wonder proskynesis might seem quite mysterious to some when it comes to Hellenic Polytheism nowadays.
But what on Gaia's loving Earth even is "proskynesis"?
Proskynesis [προσκύνησις] - the meaning may vary and has been discussed by classicists for quite some time; some imply it's an act of kneeling but if we look at the etymology of the word, it indicates an act of kissing or hand-kissing. It could literally mean something like "I kiss towards" or "I blow a kiss". Lucian also connects the gesture with "a kiss thrown with the hand". Proskynesis is also often acquainted with the Roman adorare.
However, given the variety of forms, the word appeared in ancient texts, we can safely assume that it was not used consistently to describe a single specific gesture or action.
The custom was primarily associated with Persia and the Greek ideas of Persian behaviour. It was regarded as an old, traditional act of prostration and a gesture of supplication performed before a person of a higher rank. Plenty of accounts frequently refer to this action as being performed before a king.
Overall, although the narrow meaning of the word might be "to blow a kiss", it can be seen to be used in a slightly looser sense to mean "to greet in the Persian style", and thus to include within its range of possible meanings "to prostrate oneself".
The Greeks did not perform proskynesis towards any people, as they believed one should not proskynesis to any "human master". Some accounts also imply the action was considered to be solely "reserved for the gods". Performing proskynesis in this way might've been considered quite ludicrous in Ancient Greece.
We can also see it appear in several tragedies, comedies, dialogues and historical accounts with several different meanings:
Meaning: supplication/prostration
- The word appears in Wasps, where Aristophanes indicates that to prostrate oneself before another human being is not to blaspheme but "to show oneself a slave".
- Herodotos mentions two Spartan hostages refusing to perform proskynesis before king Xerxes. as it's not their custom to proskynesis before men. Xenophon later references this passage and although the Spartans in Herodotos' Histories make no mention of the gods (Xenophon does), it is clear that in both passages the contrast being drawn is between the freedom of the Greeks and the enslavement of the subjects of the Persian King.
Meaning: religious/cult (kiss)
- Lucian describing the death of Demotenes says that the orator was in the temple of Poseidon accompanied by a guardian who was supposed to bring him alive to King Antipater. While pretending to perform proskynesis to the god he took poison "without arousing suspicion of the guardian for lifting his hand to his mouth".
- Plato in Republic uses the word to describe appropriate behaviour towards the graves of heroes and in Laws, he references the Greeks and "Barbarians" performing proskynesis at the rising and setting of the sun.
Meaning: referring to places (in this case, it could've been kissing the earth when coming back after a period of absence)
- In Oedipus Coloneus, Theseus is described as "doing proskynesis to the earth and to Olympus of the gods at the same time"
- In Sophocles' Philoctetes, Philoctetes himself talks about doing proskynesis to his home on the island of Lemnos.
Meaning: referring to other customs (kiss)
- In Prometheus Bound, the chorus suggests that wise men proskynesis before Adrasteia [epithet of Nemesis meaning "unavoidable (punishment)"]. The custom was mentioned in a couple other texts. It was done for deprecating the wrath of the goddess or the vengeance of the god for "indiscreet words".
- Proskynesis might've been performed after sneezing since a sneeze was often considered a divine omen (see more about this here). Xenophon describes how he himself had made a short speech and "just as he said it someone sneezed, and the soldiers on a single impulse did proskynesis to the god."
To sum it up: in a more general sense, proskynesis could be regarded as a solemn gesture of respect that could've been used in the context of worshipping gods, reverencing sacred objects and places (at least in Greece).
What's the deal with Alexander The Great?
Without getting into too much detail, Alexander the Great proposed this practice during his lifetime in adapting to the local customs of Persian areas that he conquered, but it was not accepted by his Greek companions. In Alexander's case, it was the prostration type of proskynesis. It's also thought to have been connected with his desire to be recognized as the son of Ammon/Zeus. Most of his men could cope with Alexander's Persian interests but honouring the ruler as if he was a god went a bit too far for them. Eventually, Alexander did not insist on the practice, though.
How to perform proskynesis in worship?
It's not too common nowadays, to my knowledge and we don't even know for sure how common this practice was in ancient times but I think it's something worth looking into and possibly incorporating into one's practice if desired.
The easiest ways to perform proskynesis (kiss type!!) in day-to-day worship:
- when walking by or approaching a statue/image of the god
- in a way to greet the god
- at the sun (Helios) or the moon (Selene)
- towards the sky (for Ouranic Gods)
- towards the sea/some body of water (for the Sea Gods)
- towards the earth (for Chthonic Gods)
Those are only some of my suggestions. I personally do use it in my practice and think it's a nice, low-effort way to honour Theoi on daily basis!
- B. M. Marti, Proskynesis and Adorare
- Herodotos, Histories
- L. R. Taylor, The 'Proskynesis' and the Hellenistic Ruler Cult
- H. Bowden, ON KISSING AND MAKING UP