Thinking more about the Soviet space program, and one of the several reasons that they fell behind the US after several historic firsts was that they lacked a coherent plan for where to go next, and as a result wound up doing nothing but reacting to American plans in an effort to stay First. The Americans are launching two men in a new spaceship? We'll modify our existing spaceship to hold three people then. Of course, the Gemini program was reasonably well thought out as part of a process to make the technical progress required for Apollo, while the Voskhod program was a dead end that delayed more advanced spaceship designs, rather than advancing them.
That's an easy enough story to tell - Sputnik and Gagarin spurred the US to come up with a cohesive goal (land on the moon) which required decade-long planning, while the USSR, which had a very internally divided space program and was basically making things up year by year, never had a long lasting plan. But I think if you zoom out a bit, the US was making the exact same mistake as the Soviets, just obscured by the longer time scale. "Get to the moon first" is a more impressive goal than "get three people in space first" but neither goal was something that could feasibly be built on. The Soviet space program tumbled back to earth first because their races were shorter than the Americans', but a vision that falls apart after a decade is not *that* much more impressive than one that falls apart in two years.
curious how this is going to compare with the SpaceX plans:
- cheap satellites (boost launch capacity)
- internet (boost launch capacity further)
- ...Mars??
SpaceX is totally different imo. The early American and Soviet space programs were the equivalent of current tech companies investing in NFTs or crypto or GPT - this is the Hot New Thing and therefore we don't want to be left behind/can't be seen as left behind. Will it actually pay out in the longer term? Well, we have some fuzzy ideas (manned spy platforms? manned space bombers?) and anyway it's the Hot New Thing so no need to check if the numbers clear.
SpaceX, on the other hand, has a pretty reasonable business plan with an almost certainly ludicrous space colonization plan stapled to it. I don't know whether Starlink will prove profitable, but the basic idea of a virtuous cycle of cheaper launches -> profitable new space business -> cheaper launches is sensible. Mars colonization funded by hundreds of thousands of people eager to pay to live in Worse Antarctica, however... A cynic might think that the Mars colonization stuff is purely there to get unearned investor dollars and to get idealistic engineers to work longer hours for less pay. I'm sure Elon Musk believes in it, but that's not incompatible with the cynical take.
perhaps the equivalent of that would be if the US used the promise of a moon landing to motivate the development of ICBMs but never actually launched the Apollo project for real...



