“It is easy to accuse the Pre-Socratics of anthropomorphism or of a naive 'hylozoism,' but in doing so we may be naive ourselves. Goethe shrewdly remarked that human beings 'never know how anthropomorphic' they are. If taking the earth, the place where we are and know things best, as the cosmic center is naive, is it necessarily unnaive to leap to the conclusion that the form of mind to which we have special accessibility is the only form, with the possible or probable exception of some or all of the other animals? Nonhuman forms of mind are difficult for us to interpret or clearly imagine, and the more so the more widely their physical structures differ from our own; but this falls short of proving that there are no such forms of mind. Nature may not be designed for our easy comprehension. So I for one find almost as much naiveté in some common criticisms of early hylozoism as in the thing criticized.”