The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis
paolov.wordpress.comElaine Morgan is a great communicator and she’s done a remarkable job of delivering the AAH to a wide audience, but I have concerns that the packaging is more impressive than the contents, from a scientific perspective.
In the video Elaine does a cracking job of setting up the AAH in opposition to the more established Savanna Hypothesis (SavH), which suggests that humans diverged from other primates as a result of exploiting more arid environments. She then suggests that the SavH has been discounted on the basis of palaeoenvironmental data, leaving a paradigm gap that should (she suggests) be filled by the AAH.
But of course, a paradigm gap should only be filled by a robust theory and when it comes to plotting evolutionary trajectories there is not solid theoretical foundation on how to do it, beyond relying on the physical evidence provided by the fossil record.
In this case that would require fossils of human ancestors to be found in primarily aquatic deposits, something which we do not see, which is surprising, since aquatic environments are usually far better for fossil preservation than terrestrial environments. In fact, taphonomy suggests that early hominid fossils would be more common if the individuals were living and dying in water with any frequency. [read more]
Misguided Nostalgia for Our Paleo Past
chronicle.com
“The paleofantasy is a fantasy in part because it supposes that we humans, or at least our protohuman forebears, were at some point perfectly adapted to our environments. We apply this erroneous idea of evolution’s producing the ideal mesh between organism and surroundings to other life forms, too, not just to people. We seem to have a vague idea that long long ago, when organisms were emerging from the primordial slime, they were rough-hewn approximations of their eventual shape, like toys hastily carved from wood, or an artist’s first rendition of a portrait, with holes where the eyes and mouth eventually will be.“Then, the thinking goes, the animals were subject to the forces of nature. Those in the desert got better at resisting the sun, while those in the cold evolved fur or blubber or the ability to use fire. Once those traits had appeared and spread in the population, we had not a kind of sketch, but a fully realized organism, a fait accompli, with all of the lovely details executed, the anatomical t’s crossed and i’s dotted.
“But of course that isn’t true. Although we can admire a stick insect that seems to flawlessly imitate a leafy twig in every detail, down to the marks of faux bird droppings on its wings, or a sled dog with legs that can withstand subzero temperatures because of the exquisite heat exchange among its blood vessels, both are full of compromises, jury-rigged like all other organisms. The mantid has to resist disease as well as blend into its background; the dog must run and find food as well as stay warm. The pigment used to form those dark specks on the mantid is also useful in the insect immune system, and using it in one place means it can’t be used in another. For the dog, having long legs for running can make it harder to keep the cold at bay, since more heat is lost from narrow limbs than from wider ones. These often conflicting needs mean automatic trade-offs in every system, so that each may be good enough but is rarely if ever perfect.”
Calling all Biological Anthropology Tumblrs!
(And, yes, Physical Anthropology for you Americans.)
I keep a Bio Anth blog, Suprainiac Fossa. Everything I post there is also here (but not vice versa - basically: no reblogs, less typos) because Tumblr is fleeting.
I’ve just updated my Resources page. I put all the Cheat Sheets & Flashcards on their own page to make them more easily findable.
And I made a page of Links - which right now only has institutions and professional associations - but I would like to create a list of Palaeoanthropology*, Human Evolution, & Bio/Phys Anth Tumblrs.** (Unless there already is such a list? Please link me if so!) Which is going to start with all the ones I follow - but I’m sure there’s more out there.
Got a name for me?
(Also - might make a list of Twitter users worth following. Same deal - who I follow, plus let me know. Unless it exists already in which case link me up?)
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* (Palaeoanthropology has an extra “a” in it in the UK. Also, I like footnotes. Although I need to delete some of these soon.)
**Did I need to tackle another project right about now given that I’m supposed to be presenting my thesis progress on Friday and am sort of panicking about? Not really, no. But I am approaching a time when I need to start looking at internships and even real jobs for the next fall in which I will not be part of a university department and would really like to get tuned into the internet’s palaeoanth scene.
Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine
bbc.co.ukAncient remains uncovered in Ukraine represent some of the oldest evidence of modern people in Europe, experts have claimed.
Archaeologists found human bones and teeth, tools, ivory ornaments and animal remains at the Buran-Kaya cave site.
The 32,000-year-old fossils bear cut marks suggesting they were defleshed as part of a post-mortem ritual.
“One of the crucial elements of Homo sapiens' adaptations is that it combines complex planning, developed in the front of the brain, with language and the ability to spread new ideas from one individual to another.. " Planning, communication and even trade led, among other things, to the development of better tools and weapons which spread rapidly across the population. The fossil records suggest that H. erectus went on making the same basic hand axe for more than a million years. Our ancestors, by contrast, created smaller, more sophisticated weapons, like a spear, which can be thrown, with obvious advantages when it comes to hunting and to fighting.”
—BBC News - Why is there only one human species?Saga of 'the Hobbit' highlights a science in crisis
By Darren Curnoe, University of New South Wales
To state the obvious: human evolution is not without its drama – and the latest salvo in the ongoing Hobbit, or Homo floresiensis, battle confirms this yet again.
The 2004 announcement of Homo floresiensis – dubbed “the Hobbit” – marked the beginning of a saga all too frequent in the rarefied field of human evolution.
Immediately upon its announcement, anthropologists divided along long-entrenched party lines to support or oppose the find as something novel to science.
Is it a highly unusual new species? Or just a diseased modern human?
Last year saw articles clashing over whether the Liang Bua Cave specimens were simply modern human cretins: neither side gave any ground.
The latest cannonade from the “pro” camp marks the beginning of the 2013 battle: the highly unusual anatomy of the wrist bones of a second Hobbit individual.
The findings themselves are important, but the debate about Homo floresiensis is also fundamental because of what it tells us about the science of human evolution – a discipline in deep conceptual crisis.
A peculiar scienceThe science of human evolution – known as palaeoanthropology, the study of ancient humans – is a rather odd field. It combines a mix of elements seldom seen in other disciplines.
The subject – human fossils – are exceedingly rare and difficult to find, and specimens are often incomplete or damaged. Sample sizes are usually very small, often too small to do any meaningful statistics.
And, a single find can offer a major challenge, effectively sweeping away long-entrenched ideas.
The field has a disproportionately high public and media profile: just type “human evolution” into Google and it brings up 131 million results.
It attracts researchers from diverse fields such as anthropology, archaeology, anatomy, genetics and geology, among others, with sometimes very different standards about what constitutes scientific evidence.
There are more opinions about various aspects of human evolution then there are fossils to test them on.
My last tally of the number of theories published to explain the evolution of our bipedalism (two-footed locomotion) was close to 200. None of them can be “proven”, and most are untestable.
So, behind every debate – like that over Homo floresiensis – lays a complex set of individual biases and preconceptions about what counts as valid science, whether the discovery challenges an individual’s body of scholarship, as well as personal convictions and career ambitions.
The next big discovery may also bring for it’s discoverer media/internet fame and public notoriety, peer recognition, easier access to scarce research funding, and maybe that long sought after promotion.
Bringing the whole Hobbit scenario crashing down might also bring the desired career results.
Taung child and other premature discoveriesThe story of Homo floresiensis also parallels in many respects other important finds such as the famous Taung Child.
Like Taung, it too is an example of a precocious discovery.
While living in South Africa in 1924, Australian Raymond Dart was presented by a student with the fossil skull of what he first thought was a monkey from a lime quarry at Taungs (now Taung) near the famous diamond city of Kimberley.
As he carefully chipped away its rock encasing with a knitting needle and hammer he actually found evidence that the fossil was “intermediate between living apes and man” noting its many anatomical features that largely “betray a delicate and humanoid character”; conclusions he laid out in a paper published in Nature in 1925.
It can’t be stated strongly enough just how bold Dart’s claims were at the time and this led to many decades out in the cold before his discovery of Australopithecus africanus – the southern ape of Africa – was accepted by the mainstream of anthropology.
The Taung Child had a small ape-sized brain in contradiction to prevailing views about the pre-eminence of brain size in our evolution. This is one of the key reasons that Dart refrained from placing the specimen directly in the human evolutionary tree.
The Hobbit’s brain is unexpectedly small for a creature living 17,000 years ago.
There were other problems as well for Dart’s discovery. The child was thought to have died at about six years of age, and many scientists felt that its human-like features were simply an expression of its immaturity.
Some scientists think the Hobbit’s unusual (especially australopithecine-like) features are the result of disease.
The suggested geological age of the Taung Child was also apparently too young – although all such judgments at the time were poor speculations founded in little or no evidence.
Again, Homo floresiensis is amazingly young (74-17,000 years old) given its very primitive anatomy.
The location of the fossil quarry (then called Taungs) on the edge of the Kalahari desert also required some explaining. Africa was seen as a backwater: human evolution had occurred in Europe and Asia, or so it was believed at the time.
Since the 1960s, Asia has been regarded as a backwater in human evolution, with most of the action occurring in Africa and Europe. So, the Hobbit seems out of place.
We now know of course that despite the remarkably courageous nature of Dart’s claims, history has shown him to be right.
It’s clear that Dart’s discovery was, as pointed out by his protégé Phillip Tobias, an example of a premature discovery in science. Why? Simply because as Tobias put it, Dart’s interpretation of the Taung child “…could not be connected by simple, logical steps to the paradigm prevailing in 1925”.
Homo floresiensis, it would seem, is yet another example of a premature scientific discovery.
Old ideasThere’s an even more troubling aspect of the field that underpins debates surrounding the Hobbit. One that passes largely unseen to the outsider.
Many anthropologists cling to out-dated ideas about evolution, including models developed in the 1930s and 1940s by the pioneers of the so-called “Modern Synthesis” like Theodosius Dobzansky, George Gaylard Simpson and Ernst Mayr.
These mid-20th century giants of biology are still touted as the final authorities on evolution by many palaeoanthropologists.
While there’s no doubt their contribution to the history of evolutionary biology was critical, many of their ideas have been challenged or found wanting over the last fifty years or more.
These anthropologists also attack anyone who tries to bring the discipline’s foundation in-line with 21st century biology as “anti-evolutionary”, all the while clinging to disproved or at least seriously out-dated ideas.
Dobzhansky’s famous quote – “nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution” – has an ongoing relevance here.
Surely there are two points to his comment? First, the obvious general point about evolution as a broad explanatory model, and the second, more subtle one, about ideas making sense in light of contemporary thinking about evolution, as his was when he uttered these words.
An extended synthesisA major debate in evolutionary biology circles today is whether the mid-20th century modern synthesis needs to be radically updated. And a consensus is emerging that it’s time for change, or an “extended synthesis”.
The need has grown out of the fact that the modern synthesis is what the philosopher of science Karl Popper called “a theory of genes”. The extended synthesis is seen as a theory of genes AND forms (or phenotypes), and the complex interplay between them.
It’s not that natural selection or common descent are redundant, rather that our understanding of how evolution works and how genes and environmental influences interact to build bodies and behaviours have gone a long way in that time.
Evolutionary theory needs to be updated to reflect the remarkable progress and new ideas and mechanisms revealed in the last five decades or more.
Why the Hobbit matters so muchThe new research published by Caley Orr and co-workers in Journal of Human Evolution presents a detailed study of wrist bones from a second individual using the latest modelling and statistical techniques and detailed interpretations of wrist function.
The authors contend their work “supports H. floresiensis as a valid taxon and refutes the hypothesis that these specimens represent modern humans with some kind of pathology or growth disturbance” and that the Hobbit is of a very ancient evolutionary lineage predating the emergence of our own species.
Resolving the status of Homo floresiensis is part of the key to palaeoanthropology remaining relevant and surviving the radical revisions accompanying the extended synthesis during the 21st century.
Many researchers who oppose the Hobbit cling to a modern synthesis view of the world in which there have existed very few species, evolving slowly, perhaps even within a single line from the ancestors with chimpanzees to us today.
With such a mindset, the very notion of something like the Hobbit is simply unthinkable.
But, such a view cannot be sustained in view of the remarkable developments in evolutionary biology and many fossil discoveries over the last half-century.
Homo floresiensis must be seen for what it is and those who would attempt to censor debate or argue for moratoriums on naming new species in the face of obvious diversity in our evolution need to be exposed for the reactionaries they truly are.
If they have their way, palaeoanthropology will die a scientific death, and they will have blood on their hands.
Darren Curnoe receives funding from the Australian Research Council.
This article was originally published at The Conversation. Read the original article.
