Cell Growth, Division: Cell Cycle: Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Prophase
- Chromosomes become visible
- Centrioles separate
—>Only in animal cells; plants do not have centrioles - Centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus in centrosome to organize splindle
- Condensed chromosomes attach to fibers in splindle at chromatids’ centromeres
- Longest phase
Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up at cell’s center
- Microtubules connect chromosomes’ centromeres to splindle’s poles
- Few minutes
Anaphase
- Centromeres split
- Sister chromatids separate, become individual chromosomes
- Chromosomes move until separated into two groups near spindles’ poles
- Ends when chromosomes stop moving
Telophase
- Distinct, condense chromosomes dissolve into dense material
- Nuclear envelopes reform around chromosome clusters
- Splindle breaks apart
- Nucleus visible in each daughter cell
Cytokinesis
- Begins during anaphase
- Division of cytoplasm
- Cell membrane drawn inward until cytoplasm pinched into two equal parts with nuclei, cytoplasmic organelles
Cell Growth, Division: Limits to Cell Growth, Cell Cycle Regulators
Limits to Cell Growth
- The larger a cell becomes, the more demands it makes on DNA and the harder it is to move nutrients, wastes through cell membrane
- Food, water, oxygen enter and waste products leave through cell membrane
- Rate of exchange depends on surface area (total area of membrane)
- Volume increases more rapidly than surface area—ratio of surface area to volume (SA:V) decreases
- Cell division increases size by reducing cell volume
—>Daughter cells have complete sets of genetic information—>Each daughter cell has increased SA:V
Cell Cycle Regulators
- Cells grow rapidly until contact is made with each other, no space open
- 1980s—Tim Hunt, Mark Kirschner discover protein cyclin in cells undergoing mitosis
- Cyclin amounts rise, fall in time with cell cycle, regulates timing
- Cyclin causes splindles to form
- Internal regulators allow cell cycle to proceed only after certain processes occur
- External regulators direct cells to speed up, slow down cell cycles
—>Growth factors most important
Biology Mneumonics
- To remember the order of taxa in biology:
- Dumb Kids Prefer Candy Over Fancy Green Salad (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
- Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed. (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
- “Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Sex”
- “King Plays Chess On Fat Girl’s Stomach”
- “Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex”
- To remember the lifecycle of cells:
- Intergalactic Plasma Man Abducted The Captain (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis)
- Idiotic Penguins Make Antarctica Too Cold (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis)
- I Pee More After Tea Constantly (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis)
- To remember the processes that define living things:[5]
- MRS GREN: Movement; Respiration; Sensation; Growth; Reproduction; Excretion; Nutrition
Crazy 3D Printing Services
1. Nervous System Tools including Cell Cycle, Radiolaria, Dendrite - “Web-Based Generative Design Apps”
2. Cookie Caster - “lets you design, share and create custom cookie cutters”
3. Twikit - “build unique medals & trophies with 3Dprinting”
4. crayon creatures - “figurines from children’s drawings”
5. Make Eyewear - “Eyewear 3D Printed On Demand”
Please reblog or send tumblr message if you know some crazy 3D Printing Services (except mobile apps) not mentioned above. ~ personalfactory.tumblr.com
